Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1725 Words

In Shakespeare s time, supernatural entities, such as witches or ghosts, were to be feared. It was a point in history of extremely superstitious people, where women were burned at the stake for being accused of using magic. At odds with the beliefs of his time, Shakespeare uses the supernatural in a very logical way, providing a glimpse into his characters unique dispositions through the use of witches, ghosts, or magic to represent their internal thoughts and struggles. Each play deals with corruption and morality as a main themes, which are enhanced by the otherworldly elements within their respective stories. Macbeth focuses on the corruption of unchecked ambition and greed for power, Hamlet considers the corruption of power and the repercussions of action in the pursuit of true knowledge and justice, and The Tempest outlines the exploitation of magic on others, or the use of others for gain by a person of power, and the illusion of justice. Through the use of the supernatural, S hakespeare provides an external driving force that highlights internal ideas or desires, and provides insight into the character s mindset throughout each storyline. The supernatural elements of Macbeth, Hamlet, and The Tempest serve as integral parts to the structure of the plot, and provide the driving force of their respective stories. Each respective character the metaphysical element interacts with has internal ambitions for power or revenge, but without the validation of Macbeth sShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shake speare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe oxford dictionary definition of guilt, 1, the fact of having committed a specified or implied offence or crime, 1.1, a feeling of having committed wrong or failed in obligation. In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the titular character and his wife Lady Macbeth kill the King in order to become King and Queen themselves, this came with consequences which are still relevant in society today. The guilt they felt and the relevance to sleeplessness are common topics almost four hundred

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Most Common Way of Death Inside a Jail - 536 Words

Timothy Souders was in an inferior place and suicidal when he went to jail at twenty-one for shoplifting. In his cell he brook a stool and tried to flood the cell. He was then locked up in his cell in the 100 degree weather. He denied water and died in four days. Many tragic things happen in jail such as rape, beatings, embarrassing strip searchings and gang violence. Many of these things happen from the guards and lawyers. Lawyers are know for slipping drugs in their shoes, guards have been known for selling drugs and alcohol to the inmates. A prisoner said he noticed a guard from the pub and says the guard brought him a bottle of vodka every friday. Lisa Harris was caught smuggling a phone in to a prisoner who had raped his ex girlfriend and threw acid in her face. From 2007-2008, four hundred and fifty-two jails said their death rate decreased when 324 reported an increase. In 2008 there were 960 inmates that suffered devastating deaths in the U.S. jails. In 2009 there were 948, that is one hundred and twenty-seven deaths out of every hundred thousand inmates. But there are two sides to every story one guard says he has been working in jails for over seven years and only saw one rape. The most common way of death inside jail is suicide; Suicide is also the third leading cause in prison. This is because it is a lot harder to commit suicide in prison. To commit suicide in jail or prison the prisoners do drug overdose and self inflected wounds. But the most common wayShow MoreRelatedPrison And The Prison System Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesleave a remarkable toll on the inmates life in many different categories. The first and arguably most important comes in the form of mental health. Living in prison with have a great impact on the psychological part of your life. For example, The prison life is a very much different way of life than what us â€Å"normal† humans are accustomed to living in our society. Once that inmate takes their first step inside their new society, their whole mindset on how to live and communicate changes. The inmate’s psychologicalRead More Models of Corrections Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages2. What is the crime control model of corrections? 3. What are the differences between prisons and jails? 4. What is your opinion about the constitutional rights of prisoners? 1. What is the community model of corrections? This model of corrections main purpose was to reintroducing the offenders in to the community. This Program was invented to help offenders in the transition from jail to the community, aid in the processes of finding jobs and stay connected to their families and theRead MoreEssay about Jails, Prisons, and Rehabilitation981 Words   |  4 PagesPrisons and jails are both referred to as incarcerations. A prison is where people get physically confined and lack personal freedom, and also those awaiting trails and those serving a term exceeding one year are confined here, while a jail is where inmates are housed prior to their trials on local level and those serving a term of one year or less. The society is protected from the offenders by them being confined in prisons, where their behaviors can be monitored, or they can be placed in community-basedRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment1706 Words   |  7 Pages In 1962 the Supreme Court thought that death penalty as cruel and unusual punishment. Because of this 107 people had their sentences changed to something that was not death. In November 1972 nine months after they had this choice the California electorate amended the state constitution overruled it. Then in 1973 the Supreme Court decided that the death penalty was unconstitutional. The California legislation was passed in 1973, which meant that the death penalty could only happen under certain conditionsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Crime And Punishment929 Words   |  4 Pagesforgive or do we blame. When confronted with a crime especially when the person has lied before it becomes hard to believe them the next time they do something wrong this might lead to make them victims of terrible psychological or physical trauma or death nothing can feel more natural then if you blame someone else for all your mistakes and its not your fault for doing this some people just can help lie to others because they think they might get be discovered and the other person might tell the onRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer : An Strange Boy1646 Words   |  7 Pagesthings such as his sexuality, his sexual desires and his obsessive interest in death. Dahmer stated at his trial that around this age he had created his own cemetery of dead animals. He would walk around with garbage bags and collect dead animals. Then he would experiment with them in ways that he would later do to humans such as drilling holes in their heads and chopping off their body parts. Jeffrey Dahmer was the most notorious serial killer in history because his killing spree lasted for 13 yearsRead MoreFailing Is Very Common And Acceptable, We Are Set To Fail1558 Words   |  7 PagesFailing is very common and acceptable, we are set to fail in order to learn from our mistakes. Think about an adolescent who has been executed because the jury sentenced him, but it turns out he was innocent. Would human failure be acceptable in this specific case? Of course, not, â€Å"lear ning† from this mistake would not bring the person’s life back it would only reinforce us to accept how inhumane the death penalty is. In the 18th century, society endorsed that killing people due to their crimes wasRead MoreCorrections in teh Criminal Justice System1076 Words   |  4 PagesWhen most people hear the term, â€Å"corrections† they probably think of prisons, striped uniforms, cellblocks, armed guards, and surly prisoners. Part of American corrections is prisons, but corrections is much more than that. Corrections includes prisons, jails, halfway houses, group homes, probation, parole, intensive supervision, electric monitoring, restitution programs, victim-offender mediation, and even the death penalty. Corrections can be defined as all that society does to and with offendersRead MorePolice Officers And Officers Police And Corrections Officers1546 Words   |  7 Pages If My Mind Could Forget the Things My Eyes Have Seen Abuse by police officers and officers in penal institutions is a big subject in the media now. Turn to a news station and the chances of seeing at least on case are pretty high. The most unreported incidents, however, is actually assault on police officers and corrections officers. The media does not report these issues nearly as much as it tries to portray officer assault on criminals. Why is it that the media covers up the big issue ofRead MoreThe Issues Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This research paper discusses the issues of people who suffer from mental illness being placed in jails instead of receiving the necessary treatment they need. The number of inmates serving time in jail or prison who suffer from mental illness continues to rise. In 2015 the Bureau of Justice reported that sixty five percent of state prisoners and fourth five percent of federal prisoners suffered from mental conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Individuals who suffer from

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Culture is a set of beliefs, r... free essay sample

Culture is a set of beliefs, rules, institutions, practices and customs that distinguish members of one group or category of people from others. The word culture comes from the Latin cultus, which means care, and from the French colere which means to till. The comprehension of the word culture has transformed from its root meaning as an action to an action of being developed or cultivated. It is how we think, act, feel and behave which have been imbibed in us or we have learnt from our society that can be recognised in actions or structures. Culture consists of patterns which are explicit and can be seen through our behaviour or implicit, which influence our ways of thinking. These behaviour or ways of thinking are acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values shared by almost all members of some social group (Kroeber and Kluckholm, 1952). It forms the basis of rules for a society, sets its norms, shapes their values and has a great influence in forming the personality of the individuals by influencing their attitudes, beliefs and opinions towards life.Culture is an integral part of our existence yet it differs from people to people or group to group. The various important characteristics of culture include: 1) Culture is learntIt is not genetic or biologically passed from generation to generation but rather learnt through ones experiences as they grow up.2) Culture is sharedEach culture is shared by a group of people that belong to the same community or geographical area. 3) Culture is SocialIt is learnt through interactions and experiences that one goes through. The norms, values, beliefs, rituals and traditions of the culture help in shaping the individual4) Culture is integratedThe various parts of culture have an intimate interconnection. All the parts of culture (rituals, practices, beliefs, traditions, customs, norms, language) are interlinked and are thus, influenced by each other. 5)   Culture is based on  symbolsLanguage, art and money all are symbols. These symbols help in easily identifying and distinguishing one culture from the other. 6) Culture is  dynamicCultures undergo gradual change but this change is necessary. Change is what helps the culture to survive and further help its members to adapt to the changing environment.Although culture normally serves as the collective memory of a society, it may in certain situations be necessary for younger generations to generate new patterns of thinking and acting. The development of technology or specific historical events can serve as examples of factors that can lead to differences between generations in terms of symbols, heroes, and values (Hofstede 1991). CULTURE AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOURA culture is learnt and absorbed as the various activities, rituals, values, customs and norms it possesses, influence the upbringing of an individual and play a role in shaping the personality of that individual. It helps in giving them a unique identity in the society. So, when an individual enters an organisation they will also make an effort to conform to the wider social norms within the organisation, and if they are not able to do so, they might feel awkward or uncomfortable about it. If an individual is works in an organisation in which he/she is not familiar with the values and beliefs, then they may have trouble in adjusting and working efficiently. Indicating that it is vital for the culture of the organisation is compatible with the culture of the society in which it is established, and thus it is important that the cross-national organisations take into consideration that how different cultures influence different patterns of behaviour. Adler (1997) and Adler, Doktor and Redding (1986) set out four very critical predispositions with respect to this matter:1.Patterns of behaviour in organisation are likely to differ as wider social cultures in different parts of the world result in different attitudes and values. 2.Factors like different standards of living can account for some of this variation in behaviour, but wider social culture also plays an essential role as a major influencing factor.3.Organisations in distinctive cultural settings have a tendency to become increasingly similar in terms of organisational design and technology, their employees can still differ in terms of culture, but a person who moves from a different cultural setting to another may need to change his or her behaviour to match the cultural norms of the new location or cultural setting.Consequently, it is not safe to assume that the same motivational techniques, job designs and reward systems will be equally successful everywhere, and so cross-national firms need to formulate global strategic approaches while dealing with a diverse workforce. Cultural norms of a society can influence people to behave in many ways that are different from other cultures. These are propensities and not inevitabilities. Around the world, people have different personalities which can temperate the effect of cultural beliefs and values. Some cultural characteristics that can give rise to differences in behaviour include: Peoples relationship to their world, religion, the individual and society, Social protocols, the perceived importance of time, orientation to activity and language and proxemics.Culture can thus be also defined as the the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). According to Hofstede (1997) people within in the same culture may carry several layers of mental programming within themselves. Different layers of culture exist at the following levels:†¢ The national level is related with the whole country.†¢ The regional level is related with ethnic, linguistic, or religious differences that exist within a nation.†¢ The gender level is related with gender difference s (female vs. male)†¢ The generation level is related with the differences between grandparents and parents, parents and children.†¢ The social class level is related with educational opportunities and differences in occupation.†¢ The corporate level is related with the particular culture of an organization. Applicable to those who are employed.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

View From The Bridge Critique Essay Example

View From The Bridge Critique Essay Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge is a modern tragedy set in1950s Brooklyn about a mans obsession with his niece, and what that obsession ultimately brings about.Eddie Carbone, the protagonist of the play also happens to be the antagonist, because he ultimately is fighting against himself with his desires for his niece.I believe that this play was very predictable from the start; this is why I really did not enjoy it all that much.A View from the Bridge had some interesting parts but to me it was really boring and just didnt go anywhere. To me this play did not go anywhere because I did care for any of the characters. The way that Arthur Miller wrote this play makes it hard for you to care about any of the characters; therefore I also do not care what happens to them.There is Eddie, who comes of as arrogant to me; he is the one that I disliked the most.I really saw no point to his behavior, if Miller had given us more of a reason as to why he had such strong feelings toward Cathe rine then at least we could have learned what made him tick, but as it is I can not see that.I see no purpose for Alfieri; I think that this play could go on just fine without him.I do see the need for a narrator, but I dont think that Alfieri should have been included in the play itself, I believe this cheapens his position as the narrator. Beatrice and Catherine are two characters that I did not like all that much.I saw no practical purpose for Beatrice in this play, she had no effect on this play at all.I would have liked the Beatrice character a little more had she had more of an impact in the play.The Catherine character was likeable but I believe that she is a big reason why Eddie self-destructs. The way that Rodolpho acted made me not care about his fate.I do believe that Eddie was at least part right when he said that Marco was just looking to get married to become a citizen.I thin

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essays

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essays Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Paper Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Paper Essay Topic: Literature The opening scene to the play An Inspector Calls is vitally important as this is where the audience is introduced to the different characters, where their actions, expression, the way they speak, their appearance. All these affect the audiences impression of the character. The playwright J B Priestley creates in the first scene a dramatic impact, for us to get a certain prejudice against the character of Mr. Birling through dramatic irony. In the first scene we learn to a great extent the personality traits of the different members of the family. This plays a major role in the plot because we find all the members of the family treated Eva Smith in the way they thought were suitable; Mr. Birling as usual shifts the blame of her death unto other characters. The playwright has written this play to make a political point, and gain support for his socialist ideas from the audience. In this essay I intend to show who was most responsible for Evas death and why and to suggest how J B Priestley uses this play to make political point. At the time the play was written, the world was going through a very important political phase. It was first performed a week before World War Two ended and set before World War One. J B Priestley wrote this play as he saw an urgent need for social change and used the play to express his desire for social equality. The time span between the dates used (1912-1945) is to make us aware of what has happened and learn from mistakes that were made in history. Priestley purposefully wrote the play in hindsight, as this was very effective at looking at the mistakes Mr. Birling (a conservative upper class gentleman) made, especially when he talks of the three issues; war which is never going to happen, the Titanic which will not sink and the miners who will not strike. All these issues did took place and the audience have known of these facts. J B Priestley has written this play to send a message to the people of the middle-class in Britain to educate them on the difficulties suffered by the working class. Priestley presents the character Mr. Birling to the audience as very pretentious and arrogant. He uses dramatic irony when Mr. Birling talks of the three issues. This gets a carefully constructed image of Mr. Birling through to the audience, that both his ideas and political analysis are misguided. At the beginning of the play, Mr. Birling is giving a speech at the table including the three issues, when his maid Edna interrupts him, and she tells him an inspector has arrived. The inspector enters and introduces himself as Inspector Goole. The timing of the entrance is crucial, as this reveals that behind the dining table, this prosperous middle-class family are very sinister. Priestley uses the inspector to show the audience how hypocritical and arrogant the upper middle class men and women were. He portrays his message to the audience through the inspector. He then begins questioning all of the characters present on the table about the death of a young girl called Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. Mr. Birling had employed Eva Smith at his works until September 1910. At first when the inspector had asked him about Eva he couldnt remember her until the inspector showed him a photograph of her. He then remembered her and explained about his involvement. Eva had been involved in a dispute over low wages and because she had been one of the ringleaders in the strike, he had dismissed her. The inspector explains to Mr. Birling Evas situation, and the consequences of his actions; she was out of work for two months and desperate for money. Mr. Birling shows no remorse. Instead he tries to justify his actions: The girl had been causing trouble in the works then he says, I was quite justified. Gerald Croft defends him; however Sheila and Eric both disapprove. Mr. Birling is also discomforted by the way he is being challenged by the inspector and is especially bitter when he suggests to Mr. Birling that he is using girls for cheap labour and getting his profit from this exploitation. To Arthur Birling, as to others of his kind, workers were there to do a job and it was not his responsibility to look after their welfare. He firmly believed that he was being fair to his workers by paying them the going rates. Eva was getting twenty two and six which compared well with a bricklayers labourer who got eighteen shillings and a police constable who got twenty seven shillings a week. So from his perspective he was not underpaying his workers by the standards of 1910, because most employees took advantage, setting the average pay very low for the working class. He considered it his duty to keep labour costs down and stamp out any unrest among his workforce. However, Priestley wanted the employers to change their ideas about their employees. Although Arthur Birling set Eva Smiths tragedy in motion I do not think he was to blame for her death, because he was just behaving as any other manufacturer at that time would have done even though it was too inconsiderate. However, I did dislike his attitude when he found out about her death. He was too concerned about keeping the story quiet to protect his position in society and his knighthood. Also he shows no remorse for his actions. Arthur Birlings attitude that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself was precisely what JB Priestly was fighting against when he wrote this play. He believed that we should all help each other and take responsibility for our actions. After being dismissed, Eva was out of work for two months and was desperate for money. She luckily got a job as a sale assistant in a clothes shop, Milwards. It was here that Sheilas involvement took place. She and her mother had been valued customers at Milwards and used this to her advantage to get Eva dismissed. Sheila had complained about Eva for laughing at her when she tried on a dress. What had perhaps annoyed her even more was that Eva looked better in the dress than she did. Sheila in a fit of jealousy demanded that Eva Smith would be dismissed; otherwise she would persuade her mother to close their account. Unlike her father Sheila felt extremely guilty for having Eva dismissed. As she says I felt rotten about it at the time and now I feel a whole lot worse. Evas second dismissal left her in a worse state than her first and she became hopeless. Sheila has been the cause of this further deterioration but I feel less inclined to blame her because of her remorse. Whereas Mr. Birling sacked Eva quite boldly and unremorseful and never gave her a second thought, Sheilas action was the result of a fit of temper and she regretted it immediately. She seems genuine when she says, Its the only time Ive ever done anything like that, and Ill never, never do it again to anybody. This is the reaction JB Priestley wanted to get from his audience. He wanted people to feel sympathy and care for each other and take responsibility for their actions. On reflection, perhaps Sheila does deserve more blame than her father. Although Sheila shows more remorse than Mr. Birling, her reasons for getting Eva sacked are less valid. Mr. Birling saw Eva as a ringleader of troublemakers who could disrupt his production and exploitation of cheap labour. Sheila however got rid of her for a far less important reason caused by her own temper, jealousy and spoilt behaviour. She used her power to get Eva dismissed. Gerald Croft becomes involved with the girl at this stage but she has now changed her name to Daisy Renton in an attempt to start a new life. She is needy and considers prostitution. We should not condemn her for this because she had no parents and there was no welfare state in those days for her to turn to, so it was probably a choice between starvation and prostitution. Gerald first met Daisy in a bar at the theatre. He saw Alderman Meggarty (a well-respected person in society) harassing her and went to her rescue. He took her for a drink and a meal because he pitied her and he learnt she was desperate and so let her use his friends rooms. She then became his mistress and they were together for the whole summer of 1911. He finished with her and cast her aside because of his relationship with Sheila Birling Although he was probably fond of Daisy, there was never going to be any future in the relationship because of the class differences. Gerald was the son of Lord and Lady Croft and would be expected to marry someone of similar social standing. This was more important in the early 1900s. Even Arthur Birling feels socially inferior and boasts about a possible knighthood to increase his own importance. Being rejected by Gerald was probably more hurtful to Daisy than the dismissals inflicted on her by Arthur and Sheila Birling because there were strong emotions involved. Daisy was in love with Gerald and being thrown out by him left her not only homeless but heartbroken. She had also been cared for by Gerald and enjoyed quite a luxurious lifestyle (to her). She therefore had more to lose than previously. The drain on her emotions would have left her with less fighting spirit so her future looked even bleaker. Gerald also had tried to act heroically; he seems to be the least at fault because he had given her a home and allowance even though he hardly knew her. Out of Evas appreciation caused love, which was inevitable so the whole situation of Gerald leaving Eva was bound to have happened. Sheila although disgusted that Gerald has had an affair with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton handles the matter maturely; I dont dislike you as I did half an hour ago, Gerald. In fact, in some odd way, I rather respect you more than Ive ever done before. Daisy does not look for a job again. Within a few weeks she is back in the Palace Bar (a place for prostitutes) where she meets Eric. She is thinking again of becoming a prostitute to earn a living. He is drunk and insists on going home with her and threatens to make a row unless she lets him in. He sleeps with her on this occasion and another two or three times. She then discovers she is pregnant but refuses to marry Eric because she knew he did not love her. Also she thought of Eric as a child, knowing he was young and foolish she realised it would not be a good idea to marry him. Although it has been a casual affair, Eric has become quite fond of Daisy and wants to take some responsibility. Despite being from a wealthy family, he is regarded as a child and has very little money of his own and is forced to steal to provide for her. When Daisy finds out where the money has come from she refuses to accept any more and ends contact with him. As soon as Mr. Birling knows that his son has stolen money from his accounts, he is furious. He tells Eric that he should have asked asked himself (Mr. Birling) for help, but Mr. Birling was not the type of father you could ask for help as expressed by Eric. Although both Gerald and Eric have had sexual relationships with Daisy, Gerald had genuine feelings for her and looked after her, for a time whereas Eric, Just used her for the end of a stupid drunken evening, as if she was an animal, a thing, not a person. He also got her pregnant which in those days was far more serious than today. Daisy now had a baby to think about as well as herself and there was no welfare state to help. Also while she was pregnant, she couldnt work as a prostitute or get any other job. This would mean she would be homeless and starving. I personally feel that Eric was most responsible and his actions could be justified by his parents upbringing. Eric is regretful for what he has done, but that does not excuse his behaviour. Although he was not entirely to blame for her suicide, he must take much of the responsibility because he used her. However, he did not rape her; she was offering her services as a prostitute. Also, she could have married him, it was her choice not to. He tried to help her financially but she refused to accept any more stolen money. Maybe Daisy was too honourable. Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton, now pregnant and with no money, turned to the Brumley Womens Charity Organisation. Mrs. Birling and other upper-class women like her used these sorts of organisations to show themselves as very compassionate and caring people within society. Mrs. Birling was an important figure within the organisation. When she interviews Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton she is disgusted when she calls herself as Mrs. Birling, she feels working girls are too low to deserve the name. Eva Smith had only given herself the name of her childs father was so. Mrs. Birling (Sybil Birling) then interrogates Eva calling her a liar and refusing to accept her story. People like Eva Smith needed advice, care and attention, however Mrs. Birling provided none of these. Eva Smith then tells her the father was only a youngster-silly and wild and drinking too much. There couldnt be the question of marrying him- it would be wrong for them both. He had given her money but she didnt want to take any more money from him this was because it was stolen. Mrs. Birling refused to believe her story and was prejudice against Eva: As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money! She then uses her power within the organisation to get the other members to refuse her help. Although Mrs. Birling is the chairwoman of a charity that is supposed to help people, her attitude is hypocritical because she does not help people who genuinely need it. Also the help she would have given Eva would not have been at her expense. She tells Eva to go and look for the father of the child. Its his responsibility. She thinks Evas case is not a deserving one and that people should sort out their own self-inflicted problems instead of putting the responsibility on others. She is smugly complacent and believes she has done nothing wrong. As she tells the inspector, I accept no blame for it at all. Out of the Birling family I feel most disgusted by Erics actions, firstly because of his drinking, which leads to more and more problems. He then forcefully made love to Eva although he had not raped her. He did however threaten to make a row. He did in a certain way force Eva to have sexual intercourse with him. Furthermore he then does not face up to his problems he steals money from his fathers accounts, then when she does not accept the stolen monies, he leaves her. I feel Eric Birling was the guiltiest of Eva committing suicide because he laid on her the burden of a baby and did not face his responsibilities. I feel this play had a political motive. J B Priestley was a renowned socialist, this play was written at a time the Labour party emerged and the welfare state was being created. This play had a purpose and that was to influence the audience on socialist ideas. The playwright presents Mr. Birling (the conservative) as a disliked character; on the other hand the inspector (a socialist) is presented as a more compassionate and caring character. The other political motive was to change the ideas of middle-classed people in Britain at the time, and J B Priestley warns if we do not try to help each other more wars, and problems, will occur.

Friday, November 22, 2019

History of the Integrated Circuit (Microchip)

History of the Integrated Circuit (Microchip) It seems that the integrated circuit was destined to be invented. Two separate inventors, unaware of each others activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits or ICs at nearly the same time. Jack Kilby, an engineer with a background in ceramic-based silk screen circuit boards and transistor-based hearing aids, started working for  Texas Instruments  in 1958. A year earlier, research engineer  Robert Noyce  had co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. From 1958 to 1959, both electrical engineers were working on an answer to the same dilemma: how to make more of less. What we didnt realize then was that the integrated circuit would reduce the cost of electronic functions by a factor of a million to one, nothing had ever done that for anything before - Jack Kilby Why the Integrated Circuit Was Needed In designing a complex electronic machine like a computer it was always necessary to increase the number of components involved in order to make technical advances. The monolithic (formed from a single crystal) integrated circuit placed the previously separated transistors, resistors, capacitors and all the connecting wiring onto a single crystal (or chip) made of semiconductor material. Kilby used germanium and Noyce used silicon for the semiconductor material. Patents for the Integrated Circuit In 1959 both parties applied for patents. Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments received U.S. patent #3,138,743 for miniaturized electronic circuits. Robert Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation received U.S. patent #2,981,877 for a silicon-based integrated circuit. The two companies wisely decided to cross-license their technologies after several years of legal battles, creating a global market now worth about $1 trillion a year. Commercial Release In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. All computers then started to be made using chips instead of the individual transistors and their accompanying parts. Texas Instruments first used the chips in Air Force computers and the Minuteman Missile in 1962. They later used the chips to produce the first electronic portable calculators. The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors, and one capacitor and was the size of an adults pinkie finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors. Jack Kilby holds patents on over sixty inventions and is also well known as the inventor of the portable calculator (1967). In 1970 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Robert Noyce, with sixteen patents to his name, founded Intel, the company responsible for the invention of the microprocessor, in 1968. But for both men, the invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Tower of Pisa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tower of Pisa - Assignment Example Originally, it was believed that the famous ancient architecture and designer, Bonanno Pisano, was responsible for it. However, recent discoveries and deep studies tend to point at Diotisalvi as the true designer. This has been attributed to the fact that it was him who is responsible for other bell towers located across the city and the country at large. However, this belief seems to be countered by the fact that the structure does not bear Diotisalvi’s signature, something that is common in all towers designed by him. The tower took approximately two-three hundred years to be completed (Harris, Nd, pp. 1-3). The initial construction of the â€Å"tower of Pisa† began in 1173 AD, â€Å"after Donna Berta Di Bernardo, a widow resident of Pisa, donated sixty silver coins towards the local cathedral, to be used in the construction of a new bell tower base† (Soniak, 2011, p. 1). The construction work got underway, after the perfect location for the tower had been identified. It is worth taking note that the initial intention behind the building of this tower wasn’t for it to be tilted as it is structured today. The designers had intended for a perfectly vertical bell tower, but due to unforeseen circumstances, a terrible mistakeperhaps, the tower lives to be one of the most celebrated monuments in history. (Palestro, Nd, p. 1) During the construction of the tower, white marble stones were used as the main construction materials. These marbel stones were quarried from the mountains around the city of Pisa, and where transported to the site by the local citizens, who were the main source of labor for the construction (Krystek, 2012, p. 1). However, upon completion of its third floor in 1178, problems began to emerge. The constructors realized that the structure was slightly leaning towards the North West at an angle of 0.2 degrees. This was due

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Mumia's speech Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mumia's speech - Movie Review Example The police use interrogations to try and find out certain facts that may lead in drawing a conclusion concerning a given matter. Investigations are the only way through which the police can find out if the person is on the right side of the law or a criminal. The investigation may involve a number of issues that are aimed at linking one with certain issues of concern. Police violence in the US can be explained from a number of perspectives. The police disregard the law and act with impunity to a greater extent. The police employ violence as a means of inserting bodily harm and making the people submit to their will. The law does not define the extent to which the police should act in some cases. The police continue with their brutality because even on occasions that they have committed crimes and violence against the people they have been acquited by the juries. Essentially, the police take advantage of lapses in law to commit acts of violence on people. Mumias speech provides a broad perspective over which a number of issues can be drawn. When people in the society feel deprived or faced with a number of injustices they are bound to react aggressively. Mumias speech demonstrates deprivation and social injustices that are inherent in the society. It is important to note that the functionality of the society depends on how various institutions work together to ensure stability. Mumia was basically reacting to the dysfunction of the society that do not bring about social change. Living in a death row is the epitome of Panopticon in the sense that there is not way to the situation except for death. The options are limited and there are few issues that one can address appropriately because the ultimate end is death. The main points of the Mumias speech are centered on the criminal justice system that is flawed to a greater extent. In his speech, Mumia notes that the justice system

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Culturally Resposive Teaching Essay Example for Free

Culturally Resposive Teaching Essay In this essay I will use the given scenario to analyse and critique the teaching practice it outlines, drawing on the learning theories and themes outlined in the Professional Practice paper to explain and validate my ideas and thinking. I will consider the approaches in the scenario and offer alternatives, justifying my opinions with reference to theory, literature and my own emerging philosophy. Throughout my essay I will give consideration to the use of culturally responsive and inclusive pedagogy, demonstrating an understanding of the role Treaty of Waitangi within this practice. Throughout the scenario the theory of behaviourism is reflected in the teachers practice. Behaviourism sees learning as the establishing of connections between two events, and theorists view environmental factors as influential to behaviour. This sort of associative learning is called classical conditioning (Papalia, Olds Feldman, 2009). This theory is reflected in the teacher’s classroom management practice when the students all move outside to begin their day with a jump-jam session immediately after the bell rings, with no verbal instruction given by the teacher. It is also evident when they move back into class and sit and wait for the teacher, again with no verbal instruction issued. Another example of behaviourism theory is shown when the teacher uses reinforcement and punishment, known, as operant conditioning when she comments on Mark and Cathy’s jump jam prowess as a form of motivation. Behaviourism theory is also evident when the teacher is issuing instructions and displaying the timetable on the whiteboard as the directions are teacher lead. Within the realms of classroom management the strengths of behaviourism are obvious; the children know the sequence of events and can move from one activity to the next with little disruption and classroom management is, as described by Wong, Wong, Rogers Brooks (2012), ‘a set of procedures that structure the classroom so the students know what to do, how to do it, and when to do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (p. 61). This could, I believe be disconcerting for new or diverse students and to act in a more culturally responsive manner I would advocate a pictorial display to aid understanding (Davis, 2012). I feel whilst using the reward/punishment technique during the jump jam may have motivated Cathy, who received positive reinforcement, the negative comments issued by the teacher certainly demotivated Mark. This criticism clearly affect Mark’s self-efficacy and as a result his motivation was lessened (Le Francois, 2000). I would have been inclined to direct my motivational techniques towards the class as a whole and perhaps let Mark and Cathy motivate the class by allowing them to take joint responsibility for the running of the ‘Jump Jam’ programme for that day (Hill Hawke, 2000), using the constructivism theory, this, I believe would have been more motivating as the learner is actually involved in the learning process. I also believe the teacher missed an opportunity to incorporate the MÄ ori learning theory of Ako, reciprocal learning. Instead of leading the ‘Jump Jam’ herself she could have facilitated this by allowing Cathy and Mark to lead the session (Bishop, 2008). The humanist approach to learning is also evident in many areas of the teachers practice presented in the scenario. The Humanist approach to learning focuses on the child’s whole self, looking after the social and emotional needs of the learner as well as their cognitive abilities. For example children’s basic needs of safety, shelter, food, love and respect must be met before their academic needs can be addressed (Krause, et al, 2012). During the scenario the teacher is chatting to the students before school, in doing this she is showing she is interested in them as people thus creating a supportive relationship between herself and her learners. This relationship, the humanist theory suggests, will motivate her students and is ‘the key to effective education’ (Krause, et al, 2012, p. 233). Within the theme of classroom management the humanist theory is applied as the teacher allows the students to discuss the roles and responsibilities and the tasks that w ill need to be outlined to make camp go smoothly. She is inviting the students to be part of the process and taking a non-directive role, listening to the students’ ideas and involving them in the learning process, and in turn boosting their self-esteem. I believe that the teacher applied the humanist theory to her classroom management skills when she used the rhetorical question to redirect Clark. However, in my opinion this would have been an ideal opportunity to allow the MÄ ori boys to have a voice and encourage them to share their knowledge and learning style with the class, regarding the cooking of eels, showing respect for their culture (Le Francois, 2000). She would also have shown cultural responsiveness and demonstrated her understanding of the Treaty principle of partnerships as outlined by the Ministry of Education (2012). In critique, I also feel that the teacher could have used the humanist approach in her classroom management skills to ensure that the Somali girls have a better understanding of what a recreat ional camp entails. The girls emotional needs have not been met as they clearly have no understanding of what a New Zealand school camp is like thus are frightened and unsure so they are not engaged in the pre-camp tasks (Le Francois, 2000). Personally, I would have made sure I knew about the girls backgrounds before they came to school. This would have enabled me to develop a supportive relationship, perhaps giving the girls the confidence to approach me with their concerns and allowed me to alleviate their fears concerning camp. The social constructivist learning theory is defined as being learner centred with the learner actively involved in the process and underpinned by social interaction. Different learners will learn in different ways to suit their individual needs. Language is also an important aspect of this theory, as it is through language that the learner will construct their new ideas (Krause et al., 2000). In the scenario the teacher uses the social constructivist approach to classroom management when she invites the children to brainstorm the safety rules for the cookout. In allowing them to co-construct the rules by discussion and social interaction she is actively encouraging the use of a collaborative approach. In using this approach the teacher is allowing the students to ‘brainstorm for prior knowledge’ (Cobb, Forbes Lee, 2012). This theory is also evident in the teacher’s instructions for the camp diaries as she allows the students time to reflect on what they would like to include in their journals and also how they would like to present them. In encouraging the use of pictures and diagrams she has allowed those who may not be able to contribute by writing an opportunity to contribute. This is an example of ‘learning for all’ (Barker, 2008) and is facilitated by the teacher in incorporating the diverse learning styles of her students (p. 31). This approach shows that she has an understanding of the participation principle outlined in the Treaty of Waitangi, which states that all students be given equal opportunity to contribute (M.O.E, 2012). Social constructivism is also apparent during pair and group activities where the students are participating in peer assisted learning and assessment when testing each other on their vocabulary. The teacher further applies this theory when she collaborates with the students by calling them to her desk and scaffolding their learning. This approach gives students self-governance over their learning and can be beneficial as it allows students to choose a style that suits their particular needs. However, in the scenario it was apparent that some students were off task and I feel that the students may have benefited from a more humanist approach to classroom management and would have moved around the classroom and offered help and looking to scaffold students where necessary. Cultural responsiveness is evident at various points throughout the scenario and the teacher demonstrates this when she attempts to include all cultural groups in the camp concert. I would critique this by pointing out that, although this may show she is culturally aware, it does not imply that she has any cultural understanding as the Somali girls are ill informed about the concept of ‘camp’ and can only draw on their own experience of what a camp means to them. When the Somali girls displayed concern for what camp meant a suggestion would be for the teacher to facilitate sharing of prior knowledge and understandings early on in the lesson. This would have potentially allowed for the Somali girls fears and concerns to be alleviated , thus addressing their emotional needs and allowing them to move on with their learning. Doing so would have aligned with a humanistic approach by considering their interconnected needs as a whole person. Cultural responsive pedagogy also requires the teacher to reflect on their practice (Gay, 2000). This practice is observed when the teacher contemplates ringing the Somali girls’ parents to offer them support and explanations regarding the school camp. If practicing culturally relevant pedagogy the teacher would, Fraser Paraha (2002) point out ‘take the personal concerns of students seriously and examine social issues with them that were drawn on the students’ cultural positionings†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (p. 57). Furthermore, I believe a behaviourist approach to classroom management when allowing the girls to research on the computer, perhaps giving them some pre viewed websites to explore, may have enabled Aaheli to feel that her culture was valued. The outcome in the scenario could well have made her feel ostracised and even made the other girls become culturally biased. Throughout the scenario reference is made to the ethnicity of groups of students who seem to stay i n these cultural groups within the classroom. The teacher doesn’t appear to interact with the Somali girls at all and the MÄ ori boys only receive a negative response when they show enthusiasm for aspects of camp. Although the students can learn cross-cultural understanding from personal experience I would advocate using the social constructivist approach to cultural responsiveness and model good practice to my students by using inclusive and cultural responsive pedagogy inviting the MÄ ori boys to demonstrate their cooking skills and perhaps going a step further than the teacher in the scenario and actively encouraging the parents of the Somali girls to attend camp meetings (Whyte, 2008). The teacher did, however, collaborate with a parent and invited them in to help with the preparation of the camp concert, promoting the concept of Whanaungatanga (M.O.E, 2011). Furthermore, I believe this pedagogy would encompass the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi as outlined by the M.O.E. (2012) as partnership, protection and participation. This essay has used the scenario and analysed and critiqued the teaching practices it outlines by drawing on the learning theories and themes outlined in the professional practice paper using them to validate ideas and thinking. It has considered the approaches in the scenario and offered alternatives, justifying these opinions with reference to theories, literature an emerging philosophy of my own. Throughout the essay I have given consideration to the use of culturally responsive and inclusive pedagogy and demonstrated an understanding of the Treaty of Waitangi. References Barker, M. (2008). How do people learn?: Understanding the learning process. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.), The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 17-43). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage. Bishop, R. (2010). A culturally responsive pedagogy of relations. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.). The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 154-172). Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd. Cobb, D., Forbes, D., Lee, P. (2012). Lecture 1: TEPS222-12C (NET) [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Davis, B., M. (2012). How to teach students who don’t look like you: Culturally responsive teaching strategies (2nd Ed.). California, U.S.A: Corwin. Fraser, D., Paraha, H. (2002). Curriculum integration as treaty praxis. Waikato Journal of Education, 8, 57-70. Gay, G. (2000) Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research and practice. New York, U.S.A: Teachers College Press. Hill, J., Hawk, K. (2000, November). Four conceptual clues to motivating students: Learning from practice of effective teachers in low decile, multicultural schools. A paper presented to the NZARE Conference, Waikato, New Zealand. Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A. (2010). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (3rd Ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia Limited. Le Francois, G. (2000). Psychology for teaching (10th Ed.). Calfornia, U.S.A: Wadsworth. Ministry of Education. (2011). TÄ taiako: Cultural competencies for teachers of MÄ ori learners. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education. (2012). The New Zealand curriculum update 16. [Professional practice and inquiry 2: Strategies for effective teaching, course resource]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Online reference TEPS222-12C (NET). Papalia, D., Olds, S., Feldman, R. (2009). Human Development (11th ed.). New York, U.S.A: McGraw Hill. Whyte, B. (2010). Culturally diverse classrooms and communities. In C. McGee D. Fraser (Eds.). The professional practice of teaching (3rd ed.) (pp. 173-186). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage. Wong, H., Wong, R., Rogers, K., Brooks, A. (2012). Managing Your Classroom for Success. Science Children, 49(9), 60-64.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay -- community college,

In the past several years, there has been a growing trend in the number of college-bound individuals getting two-year degrees from community colleges or earning certification for their desired career field at vocational schools. Such schools certainly seem to have some valuable qualities: all boast of having lower costs than other colleges, of their absence of student loans, of allowing people to make more money quicker, of being narrowly focused so students don’t have to take classes they don’t need. They attempt to point out apparent weaknesses in liberal arts colleges as well, claiming that such an education is unnecessary in today’s world. However, for every reason to go to a community or two-year college, a vocational track, or an apprenticeship, there is another, stronger reason for going to a traditional, four-year college, and the liberal arts degree gained at four year colleges far outstrips the degree gained at a two year school or through a vocational track. Community colleges and vocational tracks are not wrong about the high cost of traditional higher education. According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics, one year at a public, four-year institution costs upwards of $23,000 on average, while private institutions will cost nearly $10,000 more on average. Coupled with the fact that prices at public institutions rose 42 percent and private institutions rose 31 percent between 2001 and 2011, it’s not a shock that parents and students alike worry about paying for college. However, this won’t always be the case, as this rise in prices simply cannot continue the way it has. Eventually, people will be unable to pay the price that colleges charge. They will either settle for com... ...Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 179-189. Print. Murray, Charles. â€Å"Are Too Many People Going to College?† They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 222-242. Print. Ungar, Sanford J. â€Å"The New Liberal Arts.† They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 190-197. Print. Wallace, David Foster. â€Å"Kenyon Commencement Speech.† They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 198-210. Print. Wilson, Robin. â€Å"A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely.† They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter In Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 256-273. Print.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

China a Development Miracle

Abstract This paper focuses on the development of China’s Economy. It discusses the transformations that China experienced to move forward and become the world’s fastest growing economy. China’s development occurred mainly because they began to focus on manufacturing and exporting. Growth also occurred due to borrowing technology and the skilled and cheap labor force. INTRODUCTION A Development Miracle China China, officially know as The Peoples Republic of China, is the world’s most populous country with a population of over 1. billion people. The capital of China is Beijing and the president is Hua Jinato. China currently has the world’s fastest developing economy, and it is estimated that from 1978 to 2008 China has grown at a constant rate of approximately 9% a year. In the year 2008, GDP per capita was five times the amount than it was in the year 1978. The People’s Republic of China is also responsible for the most dramatic reduction in poverty, from 53% in the year 1981 to 8% in 2001; about 400 million fewer people are living in extreme poverty(TODARO 2012).This growth miracle has occurred due to the transformation into a market-oriented economy and also as a result of improving their technology. BODY There have been many speculations as to how China has developed at such a rapid rate and also many conclusions. The case of China is one that is very interesting as there is no particular school of thought or specific development policy that is responsible for rapid growth but rather a combination.China is a very good example of how policies that implement trade, markets and globalization are highly beneficial as manufactured exports are China’s primary area of focus. Since the 1980’s when china began its transformation into a market-oriented economy it was a very poor country with a per capita income of US $182 and a trade dependence ratio of 11. 2 %; since then China has mad a dramatic transformation . China now has a per capita GDP of US $3,688 and in the year 2009 China became the world’s second largest economy and also the world’s largest exporter of merchandise (LIN 008). Prior to the 1980’s China’s economy was very traditional; only after the liberalization reforms and cultural counter- revolution in the late 1970’s under Deng Xiaoping we begin to see improvement in China’s economy. Rapid growth began in 1980 due to rural township and village enterprises, which had quasi- cooperative and quasi- municipally, owned character. China’s ability to reform its economy very rapidly to become more efficient has also been one of the key factors responsible for rapid growth.As the industrial revolution began, the catalyst occurred that transformed China from an agrarian society where over 80% of its labor force worked in traditional agriculture, into a society that focused on nonagricultural sectors and manufacturing (LIN 2010). Investo rs were first attracted to China as they had cheap labor, with high skills and good work habits for its low-income level. In the beginning the manufacturing sector was mainly labor-intensive but later with the introduction of advanced technology it became more capital- intensive.Since the 1980’s the service sector has dominated and this structural change has been constant. The manufacturing industry is what transformed China, due to external investors. The more producers located in China the greater the benefits for an increasing number of suppliers. Another advantage that China had over other developing nations was the ability to borrow technology. China did not have to invent technology or industries; they simply had to be innovators. The state was able to borrow technology, industries and institutions at low risks and costs from more advanced countries.Due to globalization and technological advance, there were more market incentives. These market incentives increased trade and GDP. Industrial policies that were implemented helped to ensure that exports of increasingly higher skill and technology content. Accompanying this change in the industrial structure was an increase in the scale of production, the required capital and skill, the market scope, and also the risks (LIN 2008). To be efficient the Chinese had to effectively use technology and labor to reduce the transaction costs.Some economist claim that the Chinese quasi-capitalism economic model is much more effective than that of the American Laissez- faire model, due to China’s extraordinary growth. However, a major source of China’s growth comes from an influx of capital and the mobilization of labor (THE ECONOMIST, 2009). As more capital, labor and technology is being added to any economy, there is sure to be growth. China’s economy continues to experience tremendous growth as a result of global consumers and also the worldwide demand for products.CONCLUSION An important question always asked is if whether of not other developing countries can follow China’s footsteps and experience massive growth. Each developing country differs from others but as long as they are capable of borrowing technology from more advanced countries, they will be able to advance their industries and experience growth. As long as resources such as capital, labor and technology are used effectively growth is sure to occur. There are many claims as to why China has seen massive economic growth and development.The main reason for China’s growth is due to its shift from a country focused on agriculture to one that is export-oriented and focused on manufacturing. Another important factor that assisted was the ability to borrow technology from other countries also helped to spark the industrial revolution, which lead to the transformation. China also developed as they had a skilled labor force with very good work habits for its low-income level. What occurred in Chin a is nothing short of a miracle however, as long as the proper policies are implemented at the right time, economic growth and development are sure to occur.References Todaro , P. & Smith, C. (2012). Economic Development. Eleventh Edition. Pearson enterprises. New York, city. Lin, J. (2010). China’s Mircale. Retrieved from: http://blogs. worldbank. org/africacan/china Lin, J. (2008). China’s Miracle Demystified. http://siteresources. worldbank. org/DEC/Resources/ChinaMiracleDemystified-Shanghai. pdf The Economist (2009). China’s Growth Miracle. Retrieved from: http://www. economist. com/blogs/freeexchange/2009/05/chinese_growth_miracle Centre for Policy and Development Systems (2012). China’s Growth: Assessing the Implications.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

How Computers Are Essential in Criminal Justice Field

Computers take part in a big role in the Criminal Justice Field. So far computers have allowed us to make it accessible for witnesses to go through and look for a suspect's picture on the screen. Computers have enabled us to be able to do DNA testing. Which now only takes the labs a short time to process, and finding criminals from cases 15+ years ago can now be charged for their actions. There are laptop computers in police vehicles; therefore, police officers can look up information right then and there instead of having to wait until they get back to the station. Some cars even have the wireless Internet connection that goes through satellite which allows them to do even greater things. Computers have also allowed the use of fingerprinting to expand. Agencies can now take someone’s fingerprints and send them through the computer and find out if they are linked to any other cases going on at the time, or any other cases in the past. A computer forensic scientist or technician is still considered a cutting edge profession in the criminal justice field. With the increase of cybercrime, cyberterrorism, identity theft, and Internet child predators, computer forensic scientists are needed to track seemingly traceless criminals. Computer forensic scientists work with law enforcement officials, legal teams, independent companies and the government to conduct investigations, retrieve evidence and sometimes even testify in court. Computer forensic scientists are in high demand because they need to have a very thorough, practical knowledge of computers, networks, hacking, data retrieval, information security, and computer surveillance, as well as criminal justice concepts like confidentiality, privacy laws, evidence handling and more. Generally, computer forensic scientists are supervised during their work by a forensic scientist, and they must have the ability to work well in stressful situations. Depending on the casework, these professionals may also encounter irregular schedules and long overtime hours. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the job outlook for computer forensic investigators will be excellent for the next several years. This prediction is for self-employed investigators as well as those employed by a firm. Investigators who work on their own will enjoy more flexibility, but may make far less or far more than they would in a firm. Salary for self-employed investigators varies on their geographic location, experience and number of clients. You can read also King v Cogdon Firms offer more stability and usually provide benefits like paid vacation and health insurance. The average salary reported in 2006 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics was $33,750 for private investigators, although those in the computer forensics field generally earn higher salaries. The median range for private investigators settled between $24,180 and $47,740. Computer forensic scientists and investigators are expected to be highly educated professionals, so a bachelor’s degree is required. A Master’s degree in a field like computer science of criminal justice can be extremely beneficial to acquiring the top level jobs, as students in these programs will learn about all the cutting edge technologies, systems and concepts needed to succeed in computer forensics. A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out. A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment . The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as â€Å"computers†. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. In the global village called the internet, not everyone plays nice. You always hear of the word â€Å"hack†. It is mostly used in relation to invading of computers. Most of these are not entirely true but computer network systems do get hacked. If and when it does happen, it usually involves something sinister. Even employees of companies do engage in snooping or to use our favorite word, hacking. The birth of the internet has led to more of this. Anyone can be anything online. This is why fraud, phishing, and identity theft happen. The computer has become an important part of everyday life. Sending letters have been entirely changed by emails. Communications have been dominated by instant and text messaging. Portable storage devices that were an exclusive preserve of Information Technology professionals are now used by the general public. I think you are already getting the idea of why computer forensics are needed. In the event that hacking does occur, the computer forensic will do the following: 1. Like any other investigation, the computer forensic must handle the area as a crime scene. He or she will take digital photographs and secure documentary evidence. This will include printouts, notes and disks in the scene. If you are the one who hired the computer forensic expert, you should leave everything to them. The computer system should be left as is whether it is turned on or off. If the computer was left on, the analyst will gather all the information that he or she can from the running applications. The computer will then be shutdown in a way that the data will not be lost. Doing a standard shutdown or pulling the plug is not an option. Both of these methods may cause the loss or damage of the data in the computer system. 2. The forensic investigator must then document the configuration of the system as you would document a crime scene. This should include the order of hard drives, modem, LAN, storage subsystems, cable connections, and wireless networking hardware. The analyst may make a diagram to go along with the digital photographs. They will also take portable storage devices within the area that may contain substantial evidence. 3. The computer forensic expert must take all the evidence to the lab. This is because the analyst should not examine the evidence in the same hardware. People who engage in cyber crimes are also aware that important data can be retrieved to convict them. Countermeasures, viruses and booby traps may be installed in the system to damage electronic evidence. Analysts take the hard drive in their lab instead to make an exact duplicate of its contents. This process is called Imaging. Analysts have their own tools to make sure that the data is copied completely and accurately. The duplicate will then be verified by an algorithm. The data is then examined and analyzed. The analyst makes a report of his or her findings and the process that was taken during the investigation starting from the acquisition of the data. This evidence will be presented in court if prosecution is necessary. Notable civil engineering projects, whose pioneers included Isambard Kingdom Brunel, contributed to the advancement of railway transport systems. Other advances pioneered in the UK include the marine chronometer, the jet engine, the modern bicycle, electric lighting, the steam turbine, the electromagnet, stereo sound, motion pictures, the screw propeller, the internal combustion engine, military radar, the electronic computer, photography, aeronautics, soda water, IVF, nursing, antiseptic surgery, vaccination and antibiotics. Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet. In 2006 it was reported that the UK provided 9 percent of the world's scientific research papers and a 12 per cent share of citations, the second highest in the world after the US. In the 1950s the UK had more Physics Nobel Prizes than any other nation, despite its relatively small size.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Consciousness and Unconsciousness essays

Consciousness and Unconsciousness essays Consciousness and Unconsciousness Descartes using the method of doubt, tries to create a firm foundation for new sciences. This method should be based on something that is not susceptible to doubt. When Descartes applies the method of doubt, he doubts everything that are derived from senses. Descartes adopted the strategy of withholding his belief from anything that was not entirely certain and in dubitable. He decides that he cannot be deceived about his own existence, because if he did not exist, he would not be around to worry about it. If he did not exist, he would not be thinking; so if he is thinking, he must exist. This is the Cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I am. Thinking comes first, and for Descartes that is a real priority. The mind is better known than the body, and the cogito ergo sum makes Descartes believe, not just that he has proven his existence as a thinking substance, a mind, leaving the body as some foreign thing to worry about later. Descartes takes I as his first principle and thu s I think is qualitatively different from our physical body. Thinking causes awareness and when we think we are conscious. Consciousness is very complete in itself for Descartes and it is unbroken, has no gaps. Freud challenges Descartes and says consciousness is less reliable than we think. Human beings cannot learn everything from consciousness. The essence for soul to Descartes, the attribute that makes a soul what is it, is thinking. But what then am I? A thing that thinks. What is that? Athing that doubts, understands, affrims, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sensory perceptions.(Descartes Medidation #2). Descartes main concern is the mind-body problem. He claimed that human beings are composites of two kinds of substances, mind and body. A mind is a conscious thinking being, that is, it understa...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Graduate Record Exam Frequently Asked Questions

Graduate Record Exam Frequently Asked Questions Like it or not, if youre applying to grad school the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is on your to-do list. What is the GRE? The GRE is a standardized exam that permits admissions committees to compare applicants on the same scale. The GRE measures a variety of skills that are thought to predict success in graduate school across a wide variety of disciplines. Actually, there are several GRE tests. Most often when an applicant, professor, or admissions director mentions the GRE, he or she is referring to the GRE General Test, which is thought to measure general aptitude. The GRE Subject Test, on the other hand, examines applicants knowledge of a specific field, such as Psychology or Biology. You will most definitely be required to take the GRE General Test; however, not all graduate programs require you to take the corresponding GRE Subject Test. What Does the GRE Measure? The GRE General Test measures the skills that youve acquired over the high school and college years. It is an aptitude test because it is meant to measure your potential to succeed in graduate school. While the GRE is only one of several criteria that graduate schools use to evaluate your application, it is one of the most important. This is particularly true if your college GPA is not as high as youd like. Exceptional GRE scores can open up new opportunities for grad school. The GRE General Test contains sections that measure verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing skills. The Verbal section tests your ability to understand and analyze written material through the use of sentence completion and reading comprehension questions.The Quantitative section tests basic math skills and emphasizes data interpretation as well as your ability to understand and apply quantitative skills to solve problems. Types of questions include quantitative comparisons, problem-solving, and data interpretation.The Analytical Writing section tests your ability to articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively, examine claims and accompanying evidence, support ideas with relevant reasons and examples, sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion, and control the elements of standard written English. It consists of two written essays: Analyze an Issue Task and Analyze an Argument Task. GRE Scoring How is the GRE scored? The verbal and quantitative subtests yield scores ranging from 130-170, in 1 point increments. Most graduate schools consider the verbal and quantitative sections to be particularly important in making decisions about applicants. The analytical writing section yields a score ranging from 0-6, in half-point increments. How Long Does the GRE Take? The GRE General Test will take 3 hours and 45 minutes to complete, plus time for breaks and reading instructions. There are six sections to the GRE One Analytical Writing section with two 30 minute tasks. This section is always the first a test-taker receivesTwo Verbal Reasoning sections (30 minutes each)Two Quantitative Reasoning sections (35 minutes each)One unscored section, typically a Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning section, that may appear at any point in the computer-based GRE revised General TestAn identified research section that is not scored may also be included in the computer-based GRE revised General Test Basic GRE Facts The GRE General is administered by computer year-round.Register to take the GRE at a test center near you.The fee for the GRE is $160 in the US and US Territories, $90 in all other locations.On Test Day arrive 30 minutes early to complete any paperwork. If you arrive late, you may not be admitted and will not be refunded.Bring identification to the test center. Unofficial scores appear on the computer screen following your test. Official scores are mailed to you and the institutions you choose 10 days to two weeks afterward. Plan to take the GRE well in advance of application due dates. Try to take it the spring or summer before you apply to grad school. You can always retake the GRE, but remember that youre allowed to take it only once per calendar month. Prepare well ahead. Consider a GRE prep class.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

THE LAW OF TORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

THE LAW OF TORT - Essay Example is any act, omission, establishment, business, condition of property, or anything else which: (a) Injures or endangers the health or safety of other; or (b) Annoys or offends the senses; or (c) Shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality; or (d) Obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public highway or street, or any body of water; or (e) Hinders or impairs the use of property. The nature of nuisance is nuisance per se or at law or nuisance per accidens or in fact. The scope of a nuisance can be public, private or mixed. Nuisance per se (nuisance at law) is an act, occupation, or structure which is a nuisance at all times and under any circumstances, regardless of location or surroundings. Whereas, nuisance per accidens (nuisance in fact) is one that becomes a nuisance by reason of circumstances and surroundings. Public nuisances causes hurt, inconvenience, or injury to the public, generally, or to such part of the public as necessarily comes in contact to it. While a private nuisance is one which violates only private rights and produces damages to but one or a few people. The liability of the creator of the nuisance as a general rule is that he who creates a nuisance is liable for the resulting damages and ordinarily, his liability continues as long as the nuisance continues. It implies therefore that the person whose duty it is to abate a nuisance should answer for the consequences resulting from its continuance. No one is to be held liable for a nuisance which he cannot All persons who join or participate in the creation or maintenance of a nuisance are liable solidarily. The abatement of a nuisance does not preclude the right of any person injured to recover damages for the past existence. Lapse of time cannot legalize any nuisance, whether public or private. The creation and maintenance of a public nuisance is punishable criminally hence, the element of criminality, which characterizes the acts of creating the nuisance, should

Thursday, October 31, 2019

About Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About Frankenstein - Essay Example While this approach is understandable, this essay seeks to examine a slightly different and more secular issue based on parallels in contemporary world. Many commentators who talk about the book always stress of the â€Å"dangers of modern technology† (Beauchamp 53). Today, technology has become to humanity much like the monster was to Frankenstein, people invent all sorts of technologies without sufficient understanding of their impacts only to end up creating monsters they cannot control since even the process of invention was experimental. When Frankenstein set out to make the monster, he does not per se wish to create one, it is his intention to make something that would prove he understood the secret of life but to what end it is never made clear probably because there was none. He only wants to feel proud because he could do what no other man had done â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me† (Shelly 51). He does not give a thought to what he would do with his invention or even how he could control it. To some extent, this sounds a bit like the nuclear race during the cold war, the US and USSR were working to develop and accumulate the most lethal nuclear warheads their budgets could allow but to what end? Neither could use them to attack the other since it would have resulted in the infamous Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) (Freedman 106). After the cold war, they may have kept a hold of their warheads but the technology they invested in them was not as well hidden and as a result, today numerous countries have created their own nuclear and atomic weapons. Like Frankenstein spent his last days chasing after the monster he had created, these nations are now engaged in a clean-up exercise that appear to be futile as they try to take away weapons from â€Å"unstable† powers such as Iran. From a critical point of view, the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The development of the Islamic financial sector in Bahrain, Qatar and Essay

The development of the Islamic financial sector in Bahrain, Qatar and Dubai - Essay Example They were staunch in their outlook and believed that such profit making activities would violate the principles of the Islam religion. However, in 1975 the Emir of Dubai passed a decree for the establishment of the Dubai Islamic Bank and this heralded a new era of modern Islamic financial activities. Following this example, other GCC nations also established their respective central banking authorities. These Central banks and the other financial authorities always ensured that the countries’ financial activities were conducted in compliance with the regional Islamic principles. Therefore, these business operations are known as the modern Islamic financial and banking functions. In 1982, the state of Qatar established the country’s first Islamic bank. Qatar’s financial economy is dominated by the presence of commercial banks such as the Qatar National Bank, the Commercial Bank of Qatar, the Doha Bank, Qatar Islamic Bank, Masraf Al Rayan, the Qatar International Islamic Bank and so on. These banks have primarily concentrated on expanding their business activities in the domestic economy and have also formed Islamic affiliate institutions for this purpose. For example, the Qatar National Bank has established the Al Islami subsidiary, the Commercial Bank of Qatar has formed its Al Safa Islamic Banking affiliate, the Doha Bank has created the Doha Bank Islamic and so on. Gradually, the small economy of Qatar was flooded by intense competition from a plethora of different financial institutions. This is turn encouraged the country’s existing commercial banks to diversify their business and expand their operations in the international market. Many of the banks established affiliate organizations in foreign countries to enhance their business prospects in those places. The Qatar Islamic Bank formed the European Finance House in London, in

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Impact Of Biodiversity Loss

The Impact Of Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity loss has a negative impact on our societies; it negatively affects or contributes to the health of individuals, the climate, natural resources, pollution, poverty and the extinction of species. In the past years, biodiversity has been increasing faster than at any other time in human history. Consequently, its metamorphosis is anticipated to continue at the same pace. Virtually, all of Earths ecosystems have been severely transformed as a result of human actions and ecosystems are still being converted for agricultural and other uses. More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Numerous plant populations and animals have decreased in numbers as well as their geographical spread, or both. The extinction of species is a natural part of Earths history. However, as a result of human activity, the extinction rate has grown by at least 100 times in comparison to the natural rate. Over the last century, some people have benefited from the conversion of natural ecosystems and an increase in international trade, but other people have suffered from the consequences of biodiversity losses and from restricted access to resources they depend upon. Consequently, changes in ecosystems are harming many of the worlds poorest people, who are the least capable to adapt to these changes. Historically, poor people lost disproportionate access to ecosystem services and biological products because demand for those services has grown. Over the past several decades, there has been an increase in economic losses and human suffering as a result of natural disasters. A rich source of biodiversity such as coral reefs and mangrove forests are excellent natural protection against floods and storms. However, they have diminished in coverage. Thus, they have increased the severity of flooding on coastal communities. In my research essay, I refer to Pettigrew. His theory states that there are three level of social anal ysis of a social problem. First, there is the macro level which is large scale and social structural such as institutions and organizations. This level can be found in Economics. Then, there is the meso level which is between the macro and micro level. It is a situational level in which there is face-to-face interaction and it can be found in Sociology. Lastly, there is the micro level which is small scale and individual such as personality. It can be found in Psychology. Biodiversity loss has a negative impact on our societies; it negatively affects or contributes to the health of individuals, the climate, natural resources, pollution, poverty and the extinction of species. Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. Extinction signifies being no longer existing or living. I will use Sociology to explain the demographic change. I will use Psychology to explain the health of individuals. Finally, I will use Economics to explain the deepening of poverty, the economic decline. Most sources are online journal articles taken from EBSCOhost database (Academic Search Premier) which are almost entirely peer-reviewed. The other source is a book. The theory that will be used in this research is Thompsons Theory of Demographic Transition and the related discipline will be Sociology. This theory seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system as well as an increasingly rapid rise in population growth. Thus, the population will use more natural resources which will decrease the biodiversity. Biodiversity loss affects the natural resources. Jha and Bawa (2006) found out that the population growth has an effect on the rate of deforestation rate in biodiversity hotspots. When population growth was high and Human Development Index (HDI) was low there was a high rate of deforestation, but when HDI was high; rate of deforestation was low, despite high population growth. The correlation among variables was significant for the 1990s. Thompsons Theory of Demographic Transition seeks to explain the rapid rise in population growth as a result of a transition between a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. Thus, there has been an exponential population growth over the last 200 years as a result of the advances made in the industrial, transportation, economic, medical, and agricultural revolutions. Moreover, there has been a simultaneous growth within the industrial sector. Developed countries, in general, have and use more of the Earths resources. Population growth in developed countries puts a greater pressure on global resources and the environment than growth in less developed nations. As a result, Newman (2008) argues that humanitys use of natural resources is now 20% higher than Earths biologically productive capacity (p.411). Furthermore, intact forests also provide protection from floods, landslides, erosion and avalanches. Beyond this, forests are indispensible for regulating the water balance. Damage to the forest means that it cannot furnish these environmental services any more, the consequence of which is greater damage to residential buildings, production plants and infrastructural facilities if there is a nature catastrophe. Also, there is a restricted access of resources that people depend on. In the past, increases in the supply of resources were often achieved despite local limitations by shifting production and harvest to new, less exploited regions. Consequently, these options are rapidly diminishing, and developing substitute s for services can be expensive. The use of ecosystems for recreation, spiritual enrichment, and other cultural purposes is growing. However, the capacity of ecosystems to provide these services has declined significantly. The use of resources such as food, water, and wood has increased rapidly, and continues to grow, sometimes unsustainably. Rainforests once covered 14% of the Earths land surface; now they cover a mere 6% and experts estimate that the last remaining rainforests could be consumed in less than 40 years. Also, the price of natural resources is increasing because the demand is higher as a result of its reduction. The increase is a major challenge for developing countries without their own raw materials. The decrease in biodiversity has an impact on the extinction of species. Hautemulle (2010) argues that the current situation is alarming: there are thirty-four hot spots of the globe, areas characterized by both their large number of species and an increased threat to biodiversity. Among them is the Mediterranean. The current extinction rate of species is 100 to 1 000 times faster than the natural rate. It evokes a sixth extinction crisis, which would not, unlike the first five, caused by a natural event like a volcanic or impact of large meteorites. Humans are responsible for the extremely high extinction rate. Many plant and animal populations are declining, both in terms of number of individuals, geographical spread, or both. Dirzo and Raven (2003) claim that 565 of the 1137 threatened species of mammals will go extinct within the next 50 years due to habitat loss and fragmentation (p.162). Furthermore, Dirzo and Raven (2003) found out that habitat loss is the principal driver of extinction throughout the world. Consequently, the survival times of species in small areas of habitat should be considered in relation to their likely time of survival. One in four mammals, one in eight birds, one third of all amphibians and 70% of all plants assessed in the IUCN Red List 2007 are at risk. Moreover, more than 16,000 species are at risk of extinction. The reduction of biodiversity has an effect on the health of individuals. A new generation of antibiotics, new treatments against bone loss or kidney problems, cancer drugs, it could all be lost if the world fails to reverse the rapid loss of biodiversity. Experts warn that many forms of terrestrial and marine life that have economic and medical interest may disappear before the people can learn their secrets. The reduction of biodiversity means that individuals lose the opportunity to experience many chemicals and genes similar to those already given to mankind for their enormous benefits in terms of health. It can limit the potential discovery of new treatments against many diseases and health problems. Diaz, Fargione, Chapin Tilman (2006) discovered that the loss of biodiversity-dependent ecosystem services is likely to accentuate inequality and marginalization of the most vulnerable sectors of society, by decreasing their access to basic materials for a healthy life and by reduc ing their freedom of choice and action (p. 1302). An enormous portion of the world population could suffer severely as a result of biodiversity loss. It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that approximately 80% of the worlds population from developing countries rely mainly on traditional medicines (mostly derived from plants) for their primary health care. Biodiversity plays a critical role in nutrition. Thus, its loss could decrease the quality of nutrition which would affect the normal development of children (both physical and mental) as well as the health and productivity of adults. Meat from wild animals forms a very important contribution to food sources and livelihoods. Consequently, the reduction of biodiversity could have negative consequences on the food security which would affect many countries particularly those with high levels of poverty and food insecurity. Furthermore, biodiversity safeguards human health since fruits and vegetables are grown in pla nts and trees. Thus, its loss could decrease the production of healthy food. Biodiversity loss has negative consequences on the climate. I will also discuss the causes related to climate. Rosales (2008) argues that Although much uncertainty remains about individual species and ecosystems, it is well established that the overall impact of climate change on biodiversity has been and will be negative (p.1410). There has been significant climate change from 1970 to 2005 according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Regarding biodiversity, it affirms that recent warming is already strongly affecting natural biological systems. There has been an increase in wildfire risk and changes in species such as timing of growth, abundance, the length of growing season and changes in migration. Changes have also been seen in aquatic systems. Rosales (2008) states that Of the 28,671 observed biological changes reviewed by the IPCC, 90% are consistent with what one would expect to see with global warming (p. 1411). Global warming destroys and alters certain habitats such as forests and wetlands. Trapped, these endangered species cannot migrate. Roads are blocking them on their journey. A nature that has not been modified by humans is increasingly rare. Over the next 50 years, the increase in global temperatures by 1.8 to 2  ° C threatens a million species extinction. If nothing is done to stop global warming, this figure will continue to increase. Land degradation in dry lands is associated with the diminution of biodiversity. Thus, its loss contributes to global climate change through the loss of carbon capacity. Furthermore, as a result of climate change, there has been an increase in ocean acidification, the continuous decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans which affects negatively biodiversity. The consequences of the augmentation of greenhouse emissions especially carbon dioxide on the oceans may well be serious. Moreover, coral reefs are threatened by climate change because all of them are at risk. The average level of the oc eans of the world has doubled. Also, climate change has also been found to have an impact on the reproductive periods of species, on their distribution and a highly increased extinction rate. The diminution of biodiversity has an influence on poverty. Diaz et al. (2006) argue that Its degradation is threatening the fulfillment of basic needs and aspiration of humanity as a whole, but especially, and most immediately, those of the most disadvantaged segments of society (p.1305). Seventy percent of the poor of the planet live in rural areas and depend. directly on biodiversity for their survival and well-being. Poor areas also depend on urban biodiversity, not only for food production and other commodities, but also for services provided by ecosystems, including the preservation of clean air and water and waste decomposition. If the impact of biodiversity loss is more severe for the poorest people, it is because they have few alternatives to deal with. Moreover, the poor people have a limited purchasing power. Thus, it leaves them less capable of buying in-substitutes for local ecosystems from outside. Therefore, they highly rely on integrity of their local environment. Add itionally, the reduction of biodiversity affects the sustainable supply of the service. Pollution has an impact on the diminution of biodiversity. It is emitted in many forms, including form of atmospheric pollution, of soil and water, pesticides, particulate matter and heavy metals. Thousands of pollutants circulating in the Earths ecosystems and many of these materials have a significant impact on large-scale forest and aquatic ecosystems. For example, pollution acid had a significant impact on sugar bushes of Ontario and pollution caused by industries such as DDT is known to have resulted in significant decreases in populations of many species of birds, including the peregrine falcon and bald eagle. Pollution can also disrupt ecological processes. Thus, scientists are now the link between light pollution and the decline of migratory songbirds. Moreover, pollution affects biodiversity by potentially increasing the mutation rate and applying pressure or stimuli to populations to move or adapt. Thus, pollution can harm or kill members of a population indiscriminately, o r reduce fecundity. Soil acidification creates ecological dead zones, leaving areas unfit for plant life and the animals that depend upon them. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may cause declines, deformities and death of fish life. Terrestrial and aquatic plants may absorb pollutants from water (as their main nutrient source) and pass them up the food chain to consumer animals and humans. Chemical contamination can cause declines in frog biodiversity. Zvereva, Toivonen Kozlov (2008) found out that Species richness of vascular plants significantly decreased with pollution. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)An overall decline in species richness of vascular plants was primarily due to the contribution of acidic polluters (p. 310). The biodiversity loss has many devastating consequences on the ecosystem, the climate, pollution and on society. It affects the health of the individuals with the rise of infectious disease as well as the loss of potential new medicines and medical models. Also, its degradation is threatening the fulfillment of basic needs and aspiration of humanity as a whole, but especially, and most immediately, those of the most disadvantaged segments of society. It limits both the capability of species to migrate and the ability of species to survive in fragmented habitats. Many actions can be taken in order to conserve biodiversity. Informing all of society about the benefits of conserving biodiversity, and explicitly considering trade-offs between different options in an integrated way, helps maximize the benefits to society. Strong institutions at all levels are essential to support biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of ecosystems. International agreements need to include enfor cement measures and take into account impacts on biodiversity and possible synergies with other agreements. Most direct actions to halt or reduce biodiversity loss need to be taken at local or national level. Suitable laws and policies developed by central governments can enable local levels of government to provide incentives for sustainable resource management.